Atoms and Separating Techniques (Chapter 1)	

	Name:	
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Class:	
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Date:	
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Time:	117 minutes	
Marks:	117 marks	
Comments:	Old GCSE Exam questions to help you prepare for the new AQA Exams (Starting May 2018)	

Q1.Five elements, V, W, X, Y and Z, are shown in the periodic table.
The letters are not the chemical symbols of the five elements.

Use the correct letter, V, W, X, Y or Z, to answer each question.
 
 	(a)	Which element is a transition metal?		

(1)

 
 	(b)	Which element is in Group 2?		

(1)

 
 	(c)	Which element is a noble gas?		

(1)

 
 	(d)	Which element has an atomic (proton) number of 4?		

(1)

 
 	(e)	Which element forms only 1+ ions?		

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q2.The Sun is mainly hydrogen and helium.
The diagrams show an atom of hydrogen and an atom of helium.
 
 	Hydrogen	 	Helium	

(a)     Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
 
 	 	 	molecule.	
 	(i)	The centre of each atom is called the	nucleus.	
 	 	 	shell.	

(1)

 	 	 	a bond.	
 	(ii)	The circle (labelled R) around the centre of each atom is called	an electrical charge.	
 	 	 	an energy level (shell).	

(1)

(b)     Use the diagrams in part (a) to help you to answer these questions.
Draw one line from each question to its correct answer.
 
 	Question	 	Answer	
 	 	 	1	
 	How many protons are there in the hydrogen atom?	 	 	
 	 	 	2	
 	How many electrons are there in the helium atom?	 	 	
 	 	 	3	
 	What is the mass number of the helium atom?	 	 	
 	 	 	4	

(3)

(c)     The Sun is 73% hydrogen and 25% helium. The rest is other elements.
What is the percentage of other elements in the Sun?
.............................. %
(1)

(d)     One of the other elements in the Sun is neon.
Neon is in the same group of the periodic table as helium.
Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer these questions.
(i)      How many protons are there in a neon atom?
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(1)

(ii)     Which group of the periodic table are helium and neon in?
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q3.This question is about metals.
(a)     Which unreactive metal is found in the Earth as the metal itself?
 
 	Tick () one box.	
 	aluminium		
 	gold		
 	magnesium		

(1)

(b)     Complete the sentence.
Aluminium is an element because aluminium is made of
only one type of ................................................. .
(1)

(c)     Figure 1 shows the electronic structure of an aluminium atom.

(i)      Use the correct words from the box to complete the sentence.
 
 	electrons	ions	protons	neutrons	shells	

The nucleus of an aluminium atom contains ............... and ................. .
(2)

(ii)     Complete the sentence.
In the periodic table, aluminium is in Group .............................. .
(1)

(d)     Aluminium is used for kitchen foil.
Figure 2 shows a symbol on a box of kitchen foil.

The symbol means that aluminium can be recycled. It does not show the correct chemical symbol for aluminium.
(i)      What is the correct chemical symbol for aluminium? ..................... .
(1)

(ii)     Give two reasons why aluminium should be recycled.
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(2)

(e)     Aluminium has a low density, conducts electricity and is resistant to corrosion.
Which one of these properties makes aluminium suitable to use as kitchen foil?
Give a reason for your answer.
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q4.          A student analysed a sample of water from a disused mine to find out which metal ions were in the water.
He used paper chromatography of the sample of water from the mine and of solutions containing known metal ions.
He set the apparatus up as shown in the diagram.

(a)     Give one error the student made in the way he set up his apparatus.
Explain the problem this error would have caused.
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(2)

(b)     Another student repeated the experiment, but without making any errors.
After the water had soaked up the chromatography paper he sprayed it with a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide. Coloured spots appeared on the paper.

The results he obtained are shown in the diagram.

(i)     Identify two of the metal ions in the sample of water from the mine.
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(1)

(ii)     State the colour of the spot formed from the iron(III) ions.
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(1)

(iii)     Give the formula of the iron(III) compound responsible for the colour you stated in (b)(ii).
(1)

(c)     Spots obtained by chromatography can be compared by their Rf values.
(i)     Use the diagram of the results to help you to complete the table.
Include the units.
 
 	distance moved by spot X from base line	..............	
 	distance moved by solvent from base line	..............	

(2)

(ii)     Use the values you recorded in the table to calculate the Rf value for spot X.
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                      Rf value = .......................................................................
(1)

(d)     Paper chromatography of a mixture using water as the solvent gave a spot with an Rf value of 0.54.
The data in the table below was used to identify the substance that caused the spot.
 
 	Substance	Rf value when the solvent is:	
 		Water	Ethanol	Propanone	
 	A	0.72	0.54	0.00	
 	B	0.53	0.62	0.84	
 	C	0.04	0.16	0.54	
 	D	0.55	0.45	0.31	

(i)      Use the data in the table to suggest two possible identities for the substance that caused the spot with an Rf of 0.54.
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(1)

(ii)     Describe a further chromatography experiment that should be carried out to confirm which one of the substances you have identified in (d)(i) actually caused the spot.
Explain why you chose this experiment.
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)

﻿
Q5.This question is about atoms and molecules.
(a)     Complete the table to show the relative masses of the particles in atoms.
 
 	Name of particle	Relative mass	
 	Proton	...........................	
 	Neutron	1	
 	Electron	...........................	

(2)

(b)     The diagram shows an oxygen atom.
 
Use the correct number to complete each sentence.
 
 	8	16	18	24	

The atomic (proton) number of the oxygen atom shown above is ............................. .
The mass number of the oxygen atom shown above is ............................................. .
(2)

(c)    (i)      Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
 
 	 	isotopes.	
 	Oxygen atoms with different numbers of neutrons are called	molecules.	
 	 	polymers.	

(1)

(ii)     An oxygen atom with a different number of neutrons has 10 neutrons.
Draw a ring around the symbol which represents this atom.
                                                
(1)

(d)     A water molecule contains hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
(i)      Use the correct answer to complete the sentence.
 
 	a compound	an element	a mixture	

Water is ..................................................................... .
(1)

(ii)     Draw a ring around the correct structure of a water molecule.
H – O – H                         O – H – H                          O – H – O
(1)

(iii)    Draw a ring around the type of bonding in a water molecule.
      covalent                         ionic                          metallic
(1)

(iv)    Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
 
 	 	gaining	 	
 	The bonds in a water molecule are formed by	losing	electrons.	
 	 	sharing	 	

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q6.This question is about atomic structure and elements.
(a)     Complete the sentences.
(i)      The atomic number of an atom is the number of ..................................
(1)
(ii)     The mass number of an atom is the number of ....................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(b)     Explain why an atom has no overall charge.
Use the relative electrical charges of sub-atomic particles in your explanation.
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(2)

(c)     Explain why fluorine and chlorine are in the same group of the periodic table.
Give the electronic structures of fluorine and chlorine in your explanation.
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(2)

(d)     The diagram shows the electronic structure of an atom of a non-metal.

What is the chemical symbol of this non-metal?
Tick () one box.
 
 	Ar		
 	O		
 	S		
 	Si		

(1)

(e)     When elements react, their atoms join with other atoms to form compounds.
Complete the sentences.
(i)      Compounds formed when non-metals react with metals consist of
particles called .................................................. .
(1)
(ii)     Compounds formed from only non-metals consist of
particles called ........................................ .
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q7.This is part of an article about food additives.
 
 	THE PERIL OF FOOD ADDITIVES	
 	Some orange drinks contain the additives E102 (Tartrazine), E104 (Quinoline Yellow) and E110 (Sunset Yellow).These three coloured additives are thought to cause hyperactivity in children.	

(a)     State two reasons that a manufacturer might give to justify the use of these additives.
1 ....................................................................................................................
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2 .....................................................................................................................
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(2)

(b)     Some scientists asked 4000 twelve-year-old children to help them investigate if there is a link between these three coloured additives and hyperactivity.
How would the scientists use these 4000 children to investigate if there is a link between these three coloured additives and hyperactivity in children?
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(4)

(c)     A manufacturer used an independent scientist to show that their orange drink did not contain these three coloured additives.
(i)      Suggest why the manufacturer would use a scientist who was independent instead of using their own scientist.
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(1)

(ii)     The scientist had samples of E102, E104 and E110 and the orange drink. The scientist used paper chromatography for the test.
Describe how the scientist could use the results to show if the orange drink contained any of these three coloured additives.
You may include a diagram of the paper chromatography results.

 

 
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q8.The diagram shows a carbon atom.

(a)     (i)       A proton is labelled.
Use the correct answer from the box to label each of the other sub-atomic particles.
 
 	electron           ion           molecule           neutron	

(2)

(ii)     The atom of carbon is represented as:

What is the mass number of this carbon atom?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
6           13           19
(1)

(iii)    Complete the sentence.
Atoms of carbon have no overall electrical charge because the number
of protons is the same as the number of ............................................. .
(1)

(b)     Butane is represented as:

(i)      Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.
 
 	bond     compound      helium      hydrogen      mixture      oxygen	

Butane is a ...................................... .
Butane contains atoms of carbon and ...................................... .
Each line between the atoms in butane represents a chemical

.................................. .
(3)

(ii)     Which is the correct formula for butane?
Tick (✔) one box.
 	C4H4		
 	C4H8		
 	C4H10		

(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q9.Colours are used to coat some chocolate sweets.
Some of these colours are given E-numbers.
 
Use the correct word from the box to complete the sentence.
 
 	additive	element	fuel	

An E-number is used to identify a permitted food ........................................................
(1)

(b)     Chromatography was used to compare three of the colours used to coat the chocolate sweets.
 
What do these results tell you about these three colours?
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(3)
(Total 4 marks)

Q10.Fertilisers contain elements that plants need.

(a)     Figure 1 represents a nitrogen atom.
Figure 1

Complete each sentence.
(i)      The mass number of this nitrogen atom is ......................... .
(1)

(ii)     Atoms of nitrogen with different numbers of neutrons are called ......................... .
(1)

(iii)    Compared with a proton, the mass of an electron is ............................................ .
(1)

(b)     Fertilisers can be made from ammonia.
(i)      Which diagram, A, B, or C, represents the electronic structure of an ammonia molecule?
 
 	A	B	C	

(1)

The electronic structure of an ammonia molecule is shown in diagram 
(ii)     What is the correct formula of ammonia?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
 
 	N3H	NH3	NH3	

(1)

(c)     A student made ammonium nitrate by reacting ammonia solution with an acid.
(i)      Name the acid used to make ammonium nitrate.
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)     Complete the sentence.
The student added a few drops of ............................................, which changed colour
when the ammonia solution had neutralised the acid.
(1)

(iii)    The student added charcoal and filtered the mixture.
This produced a colourless solution of ammonium nitrate.
How is solid ammonium nitrate obtained from the solution?
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)    A farmer put ammonium nitrate fertiliser onto a field of grass.
Suggest what would happen to the grass.
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(1)

(d)     Some fertilisers contain potassium chloride.
Potassium reacts with chlorine to produce potassium chloride.
Figure 2 shows how this happens.
The dots (•) and crosses (x) represent electrons.
Only the outer shell is shown.
Figure 2

Use Figure 2 to help you answer this question.
Describe, as fully as you can, what happens when potassium reacts with chlorine to produce potassium chloride.
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(4)
(Total 13 marks)

Q11.Chromatography can be used to separate components of a mixture.
(a)     A student used paper chromatography to analyse a black food colouring.
The student placed spots of known food colours, A, B, C, D and E, and the black food colouring on a sheet of chromatography paper.
The student set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram 1.
                                    Diagram 1
 
The student made two errors in setting up the apparatus.
Identify the two errors and describe the problem each error would cause.
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(4)

(b)     A different student set up the apparatus without making any errors.
The chromatogram in Diagram 2 shows the student’s results.
                                Diagram 2
 
(i)      What do the results tell you about the composition of the black food colouring?
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(2)

(ii)     Use Diagram 2 to complete Table 1.
Table 1
 
 	 	Distance in mm	
 	Distance from start line to solvent front	.............................	
 	Distance moved by food colour C	.............................	

(2)

(iii)    Use your answers in part (b) (ii) to calculate the Rf value for food colour C.
...............................................................................................................
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Rf value = ........................................
(1)

(c)     Table 2 gives the results of chromatography experiments that were carried out on some known food colours, using the same solvent as the students.
Table 2
 
 	Name of food colour	Distance from start line to solvent front in mm	Distance moved by food colour in mm	Rf value	
 	Ponceau 4R	62	59	0.95	
 	Carmoisine	74	45	0.61	
 	Fast red	67	27	0.40	
 	Erythrosine	58	17	0.29	

Which of the food colours in Table 2 could be food colour C from the chromatogram?
Give the reason for your answer.
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(2)

(d)     Two types of chromatography are gas chromatography and paper chromatography.
Give one advantage of gas chromatography compared with paper chromatography.
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(1)
(Total 12 marks)

Q12.The Sun produces helium atoms from hydrogen atoms by nuclear fusion reactions.
 
 	Hydrogen	Helium	

(a)     Describe the differences in the atomic structures of a hydrogen atom and a helium atom.
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(3)

(b)     The Sun consists of 73% hydrogen and 25% helium.
The rest is other elements.
One of the other elements in the Sun is neon.
Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer these questions.
(i)      Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of a neon atom.
 
(1)

(ii)     Why is neon in the same group of the periodic table as helium?
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q13.This question is about atoms and isotopes.
(a)     Atoms contain protons, neutrons and electrons.
A lithium atom has the symbol 
Explain, in terms of sub-atomic particles, why the mass number of this lithium atom is 7.
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(3)

(b)     Amounts of substances can be described in different ways.
Complete the sentences.
One mole of a substance is the relative formula mass in
........................................................................................................................
The relative atomic mass of an element compares the mass of an atom of an element with the mass of an atom of
........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)     Two isotopes of oxygen are  and 
Describe the similarities and differences between the isotopes  and 
You should refer to the numbers of sub-atomic particles in each isotope.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q14.          An article began:
 
Ban yellow additives	
Quinoline yellow (E104) is suspected of causing hyperactivity, asthma and rashes in children.	

(a)     A student tested a food to find out if it contained quinoline yellow (E104).
The student’s results are shown below.

(i)      Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
 
 	chromatography.	
This method of detecting and identifying colours is called	distillation.	
 	electrolysis.	

(1)

(ii)     Using the student’s results, how many different colours are in the food? ......
(1)

(iii)    Using the student’s results, how can you tell that the food does not contain quinoline yellow (E104)?
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(1)

(b)     Quinoline yellow (E104) is used in foods such as sweets, drinks and ice cream.
(i)      Give one reason why quinoline yellow (E104) is added to foods.
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(1)

(ii)     Suggest what should be done to decide if quinoline yellow (E104) should be banned.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)