Structure and Bonding (Chapter 3) Exam Questions	

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Time:	141 minutes	
Marks:	141 marks	
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Q1.This question is about lithium and sodium.
(a)     Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer this question.
In which group of the periodic table are lithium and sodium?         Group  
(1)

(b)     A lithium atom can be represented as  
The diagram represents the lithium atom.
 
(i)      Some particles in the nucleus have a positive charge.
What is the name of these particles? ......................................................................
(1)

(ii)     Some particles in the nucleus have no charge.
What is the name of these particles? ........................................................................
(1)

(iii)    Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
 
 	3	4	7	

The mass number of this atom of lithium is  
(1)

(c)     Sodium reacts with chlorine to produce sodium chloride.
sodium      +      chlorine            sodium chloride
The diagram shows how the reaction happens.
Only the outer electrons are shown.
 
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
 
(i)
 	 	gaining	
 	A sodium atom changes into a sodium ion by
	losing	an electron.	
 	 	sharing	

(1)

 
(ii)
 	 	a negative	
 	A sodium ion has
	no	charge.	
 	 	a positive	

(1)

 
(iii)
 	 	covalent	
 	The ions in sodium chloride are held together by strong
	electrostatic	forces.	
 	 	magnetic	

(1)

(d)     Sodium chloride is an ionic compound.
Tick () two properties of ionic compounds.
 
 	Property	Tick ()	
 	Do not dissolve in water	 	
 	High melting points	 	
 	Low boiling points	 	
 	Strong bonds	 	

(2)

(e)    (i)      The formula of sodium chloride is NaCl
Calculate the relative formula mass of sodium chloride.
Relative atomic masses: Na = 23; Cl = 35.5
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Relative formula mass = .............................................
(1)

(ii)     Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
 
 	 	ion	
 	The relative formula mass of a substance, in grams, is one	isotope	of the substance.	
 	 	mole	

(1)

(f)      Nanoparticles of sodium chloride (salt) are used to flavour crisps.
What are nanoparticles?
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(1)
(Total 12 marks)

Q2.The picture shows a student filling in a multiple choice answer sheet using a pencil.
 
© Cihan Ta?k?n/iStock
The pencil contains graphite. Graphite rubs off the pencil onto the paper.
Diagrams 1 and 2 show how the atoms are arranged in graphite.
 
(a)     Use the diagrams to help you explain why graphite can rub off the pencil onto the paper.
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(2)

(b)     Draw a ring around the type of bond which holds the atoms together in each layer.
 
 	covalent	ionic	metallic	

(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Q3.Fertilisers contain elements that plants need.

(a)     Figure 1 represents a nitrogen atom.
Figure 1

Complete each sentence.
(i)      The mass number of this nitrogen atom is ......................... .
(1)

(ii)     Atoms of nitrogen with different numbers of neutrons are called ......................... .
(1)

(iii)    Compared with a proton, the mass of an electron is ............................................ .
(1)

(b)     Fertilisers can be made from ammonia.
(i)      Which diagram, A, B, or C, represents the electronic structure of an ammonia molecule?
 
 	A	B	C	

(1)

The electronic structure of an ammonia molecule is shown in diagram 
(ii)     What is the correct formula of ammonia?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
 
 	N3H	NH3	NH3	

(1)

(c)     A student made ammonium nitrate by reacting ammonia solution with an acid.
(i)      Name the acid used to make ammonium nitrate.
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(1)

(ii)     Complete the sentence.
The student added a few drops of ............................................, which changed colour
when the ammonia solution had neutralised the acid.
(1)

(iii)    The student added charcoal and filtered the mixture.
This produced a colourless solution of ammonium nitrate.
How is solid ammonium nitrate obtained from the solution?
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(1)

(iv)    A farmer put ammonium nitrate fertiliser onto a field of grass.
Suggest what would happen to the grass.
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(1)

(d)     Some fertilisers contain potassium chloride.
Potassium reacts with chlorine to produce potassium chloride.
Figure 2 shows how this happens.
The dots (•) and crosses (x) represent electrons.
Only the outer shell is shown.
Figure 2

Use Figure 2 to help you answer this question.
Describe, as fully as you can, what happens when potassium reacts with chlorine to produce potassium chloride.
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(4)
(Total 13 marks)

Q4.Read the article and then answer the questions.
 
 	Nanotennis!	
 	Tennis balls contain air under pressure, which gives them their bounce. Normal tennis balls are changed at regular intervals during tennis matches because they slowly lose some of the air. This means that a large number of balls are needed for a tennis tournament.	
 	 
© Feng Yu/iStock	
 	‘Nanocoated’ tennis balls have a ‘nanosize’ layer of butyl rubber. This layer slows down the escape of air so that the ball does not lose its pressure as quickly. The ‘nanocoated’ tennis balls last much longer and do not need to be replaced as often.	

(a)     Tick ( ) the best description of a ‘nanosize’ layer.
 
 	Description	Tick ( )	
 	A layer one atom thick.	 	
 	A layer a few hundred atoms thick.	 	
 	A layer millions of atoms thick.	 	

(1)

(b)     Suggest two ways in which using ‘nanocoated’ tennis balls would be good for the environment.
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(2)
(Total 3 marks)

Q5.This question is about diamonds.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
(a)     Diamonds are found in meteorites.
(i)      Meteorites get very hot when they pass through the Earth’s atmosphere, but the diamonds do not melt.
 
 	 	high	 	
 	Diamond has a	low	melting point.	
 	 	very low	 	

(1)

(ii)     Most diamonds found in meteorites are nanodiamonds.
 
 	 	hundred	 	
 	A nanodiamond contains a few	thousand	atoms	
 	 	million.	 	

(1)

(b)     Diamonds are used for the cutting end of drill bits.
 
 	Diamonds can be used for drill bits because they are	hard.
shiny.
soft.	

(1)

(c)     The figure below shows the arrangement of atoms in diamond.

(i)       
 
 	 	carbon	 	
 	Diamond is made from	nitrogen	atoms.	
 	 	oxygen	 	

(1)

 
(ii)     

 	 	three	 	
 	Each atom in diamond is bonded to	four	other atoms.	
 	 	five	 	

(1)

 
(iii)    

 	 	covalent	 	
 	Diamond has a giant	ionic	structure.	
 	 	metallic	 	

(1)

 
(iv)    

 	 	all	 	
 	In diamond	none	of the atoms are bonded together.	
 	 	some	 	

(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q6.         The diagram represents a carbon atom.

(a)     Use words from the box to answer the questions.
electron	neutron	nucleus	proton	

(i)      What is the name of the central part of the atom?
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(1)

(ii)      What is the name of the particle with no charge?
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(1)

(iii)      What is the name of the particle with a negative charge?
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(1)

(b)     Use the diagram above to help you to answer these questions.
(i)     Draw a ring around the atomic (proton) number of this carbon atom.
6	12	18	

(1)

(ii)    Draw a ring around the mass number of this carbon atom.
6	12	18	

(1)

(c)     A different carbon atom has 6 protons and 8 neutrons.
Draw a ring around the symbol that represents this atom.

(1)

(d)     The diagram shows the bonding in a methane molecule.

(i)     Draw a ring around the chemical formula of a methane molecule.
CH4	CH4	C4H	

(1)

(ii)     Draw a ring around the word that describes methane.
compound	element	mixture	

(1)

(iii)     Draw a ring around the type of bonding in a methane molecule.
covalent	ionic	metallic	

(1)
(Total 9 marks)

 

Q7.This question is about metals and alloys.
(a)     Explain how electricity is conducted in a metal.
To gain full marks you must include a description of the structure and bonding of a metal.
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(4)

(b)     Describe how the structure of an alloy is different from the structure of a pure metal.
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(2)

(c)     Alloys are used to make dental braces and coins.
(i)      Nitinol is an alloy used in dental braces.
Why is Nitinol used in dental braces?
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(1)
(ii)     Suggest one reason why coins are not made of pure copper.
Do not give cost as a reason.
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(1)
(iii)    Some coins are made from an alloy of aluminium.
Complete the sentence.
Aluminium is manufactured by the electrolysis of a molten mixture of cryolite and
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(1)
(iv)    Banks keep coins in poly(ethene) bags. These bags are made from low density poly(ethene).
High density poly(ethene) can also be made from the same monomer.
How can the same reaction produce two different products?
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(1)

(d)     Give two reasons why instrumental methods of analysis are used to detect impurities in metals.
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(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Q8.          Scientists have recently developed a method to produce large sheets of a substance called graphene.
Graphene is made from carbon and is a single layer of graphite just one atom thick.
 
The properties of graphene include:		
•    it conducts electricity		
•    it is transparent since it is only one atom thick		
•    it is strong and durable.		
These properties make it suitable to overlay a monitor screen to make it a touchscreen.		

The photograph below shows the structure of graphene.

                                                   Photographs supplied by iStockphoto/Thinkstock 
Use your knowledge of the bonding in graphite and the photograph of the structure to help you to explain, as fully as you can:
(a)     (i)      why graphene is strong;
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(3)

(ii)     why graphene conducts electricity.
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(2)

(b)     Suggest why a sheet of graphite which has a large number of carbon layers would not be suitable for the touchscreen.
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)

 

Q9.          Diesel oil is obtained from crude oil. It can be used as a fuel for car engines. The diagram below represents a compound found in diesel oil.

(a)     What is the formula of this compound?
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(1)

(b)     Each of the lines on the diagram above represents a covalent bond.
What is a covalent bond?
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(2)
(Total 3 marks)

Q10.          Graphite and diamond are different forms of the element carbon.
Graphite and diamond have different properties.
The structures of graphite and diamond are shown below.
		
Graphite	Diamond	

(a)     Graphite is softer than diamond.
Explain why.
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(4)

(b)     Graphite conducts electricity, but diamond does not.
Explain why.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q11.          The diagram shows a model of part of the giant lattice of a metal.

(a)     Name particles X and Y.
X .....................................................
Y .....................................................
(2)

(b)     Explain, in terms of the giant structure above, why is it possible to bend a piece of metal.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Q12.          The extract below was taken from a leaflet on the uses of platinum. One of the uses described was in making electrodes for spark plugs in car engines. The spark plug produces the spark which ignites the fuel in the engine.
 
Spark Plugs
The electrodes in a spark plug have to conduct electricity very well. Since they project into the combustion chamber of the engine, they must also be able to withstand extremely high temperatures in a very corrosive atmosphere.
Nickel-based plugs have been produced for many years. They only last a fairly short time. As the electrodes wear, combustion becomes less efficient and the petrol is not burnt completely.
Platinum and other precious metals can now be used in spark plugs. These last much longer and are more efficient. This can help to reduce air pollution.	

          The table below gives some information about platinum and nickel.
 
 	MELTING
POINT
(° C)	BOILING
POINT
(° C)	POSITION IN
REACTIVITY
SERIES	COST
(£/kg)	
nickel	1455	2920	Higher than gold	2.5	
platinum	1769	4107	below gold	6110	

(a)     Compare nickel and platinum for use in making the electrodes in spark plugs.
          A good answer should give advantages and disadvantages of each metal linking these to the properties of the metals. Marks will be given for the way in which you organise your answer.
          You will need a sheet of lined paper.
(8)

(b)     (i)      Describe the structure and bonding in metals.
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(3)

(ii)     Explain why metals such as nickel and platinum are good conductors of electricity.
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(2)
(Total 13 marks)

Q13.The hip joint sometimes has to be replaced.
Early replacement hip joints were made from stainless steel.
 
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium and nickel.
The diagram below represents the particles in stainless steel.
 
Paticle diagram of stainless steal
(a)     Use the diagram to complete the percentages of metals in this stainless steel.
The first one has been done for you.
 
 	Element	Percentage (%)	
 	Iron, Fe	72	
 	Chromium, Cr	 	
 	Nickel, Ni	 	

(2)

(b)     Pure iron is a soft, metallic element.
 
(i)      Why is iron described as an element?
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(1)

(ii)     Pure iron would not be suitable for a replacement hip joint.
Suggest why.
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(1)

(iii)    The three metals in stainless steel have different sized atoms.
Stainless steel is harder than pure iron.
Explain why.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q14.Carbon atoms are used to make nanotubes.

© Denis Nikolenko/Hemera/Thinkstock
Carbon atoms in a nanotube are bonded like a single layer of graphite.
The figure below shows the structure of a single layer of graphite.

© Evgeny Sergeev/iStock/Thinkstock
(a)     Suggest why carbon nanotubes are used as lubricants.
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(2)

(b)     Explain why graphite can conduct electricity.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Q15.This question is about sodium chloride and iodine.
(a)     Describe the structure and bonding in sodium chloride.
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(4)

(b)     When sodium chloride solution is electrolysed, one product is chlorine.
Name the two other products from the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution.
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(2)

(c)     Many people do not have enough iodine in their diet.
Sodium chloride is added to many types of food. Some scientists recommend that sodium chloride should have a compound of iodine added.
Give one ethical reason why a compound of iodine should not be added to sodium chloride used in food.
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(1)

(d)     The bonding in iodine is similar to the bonding in chlorine.
(i)      Complete the diagram below to show the bonding in iodine.
Show the outer electrons only.

(2)

(ii)     Explain why iodine has a low melting point.
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(3)

(iii)    Explain, in terms of particles, why liquid iodine does not conduct electricity.
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(2)
(Total 14 marks)

Q16.The structures of four substances, A, B, C and D, are represented in Figure 1.

(a)     Use the correct letter, A, B, C or D, to answer each question.
 
 	(i)	Which substance is a gas?		

(1)
 
 	(ii)	Which substance is a liquid?		

(1)
 
 	(iii)	Which substance is an element?		

(1)
 
 	(iv)	Which substance is made of ions?		

(1)

(b)     Figure 2 shows the bonding in substance C.

(i)      What is the formula of substance C?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
 
 	SO2	SO2	S2O	

(1)

(ii)     Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
 
 	delocalised	shared	transferred	

When a sulfur atom and an oxygen atom bond to produce substance C,
electrons are .........................................................................................
(1)

(iii)    What is the type of bonding in substance C?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
 
 	covalent	ionic	metallic	

(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q17.The article gives some information about graphene.
 
 	   Nanotunes!   
Carbon can be made into nano-thin, strong sheets called graphene.

A graphene sheet is a single layer of graphite.

Graphene conducts electricity and is used in loudspeakers.

The picture shows the structure of graphene.

                                                                © 7immy/iStock	

(a)     Use the picture and your knowledge of bonding in graphite to:
(i)      explain why graphene is strong;
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(3)

(ii)     explain why graphene can conduct electricity.
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(2)

(b)     Graphite is made up of layers of graphene.
Explain why graphite is a lubricant.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q18.This question is about magnesium.
(a)     (i)      The electronic structure of a magnesium atom is shown below.

Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.
 
 	electrons	neutrons	protons	shells	

The nucleus contains protons and ..................
The particles with the smallest relative mass that move around the nucleus are 
called ..................
Atoms of magnesium are neutral because they contain the same number of electrons
and ..................
(3)

(ii)     A magnesium atom reacts to produce a magnesium ion.
Which diagram shows a magnesium ion?
Tick () one box.
 
(1)

(b)     Magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid react to produce magnesium chloride solution and hydrogen.
        Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(i)      State two observations that could be made during the reaction.
1 ............................................................................................................
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(2)

(ii)     In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Describe a method for making pure crystals of magnesium chloride from magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid.
In your method you should name the apparatus you will use.
You do not need to mention safety.
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(6)
(Total 12 marks)